附录DEVELOPMENTOFHEATPUMPTECHNOLOGYANDITSPROSPECTS1/thepreambleInrecentyears/Chinahasdevelopedveryrapidlyheatpumps/mainlyinthefollowingaspects/(1)Accordingtostatistics/in1996Chinasair-conditioning(hotandcoldwatermeanselectricgeneratingunits/hotandcoldwaterabsorptionunit/roomairconditionerunitsandairconditioningunits/butdoesnotincludeimportedunits)ofthetotalcoolingcapacityofabout20millionkW/Oneoftherefrigerationunitofheatpumpcapacityofabout60percent/Inalltheheatpumpunits/electric-drivenheatpumpcapacityofabout1070kW/accountingfor90percent；absorptionheatpumpcapacityofabout1/3millionkW/accountingfor10percent/(2)Inrecentyears/Chinasabsorptionrefrigerationunitisdevelopingrapidly/Accordingtostatistics/the1996salesoflithiumbromideabsorptionchillersaboutmorethan3/000Taiwan/theTaiwanStraightGasTurbine1115/(3)heatpumpinindustryhasaninklingoftheapplication/timber/food(teaandfruit)/ceramics/paper/printing/petroleumandchemicalindustrialproductionprocesshadbeenusedsteaminjectionheat/absorbingheatpumpHeatpumpandelectricdrive/Forexample/therearecurrentlysome400heatpump-wooddryingmachineisrunning/thehandlingcapacityof1/000cubicmetersisabout200/2/thebackgroundofthedevelopmentofheatpump2/1energypolicyChinastotalprimaryenergyinreserve(notincludingbiomassenergyandnewenergysources)to1/4billiontonsofstandardcoal/ofwhich1/46billiontonsofrawcoal/crudeoil170milliontonsand30billioncubicmetersofnaturalgas/hydropower240billionkWh/250kWhofnuclearpower/4-6milliontonsofimportedoil/electricpowerinstalledcapacityofthermalpower2/9-3billionkW(averageannualincreaseofinstalledcapacityof1500kW)/Accordingto1997statistics/Chinasthermalpowerplantefficiencyof32/95percent/heatingplantefficiency83/68%/thetotalenergyconversionefficiencyof38/07percent/Triplefortheuseofthermoelectriccoolingsystemorthetotalenergysystem(TES-TotalEnergySystem)/Gasheatpump(GEHP)/passedthefirstlawofthermodynamicsofthethermalefficiencyandeffectivenessofthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrateofnote/Astheuseofwasteheat/GEHPthecomprehensiveutilizationofupto80%-85%；ifthermalpowertransmissionthroughtheshaftPumps/useofthelowheat/theintegratedthermalefficiencycanbeachieved150%-170%/TheTES/toachievetripleforthermoelectriccoolingafteritscomprehensiveutilizationmayreach65to80percent/ThePeoplesRepublicofenergyconservationlawArticle39ofthermoelectriccoolingwillbeincludedinthenationalco-productiontechnologytoencouragethedevelopmentofGMtechnology/topromotethedevelopmentofthecauseoftheheatpump/2/2EnvironmentalPolicyDrivenbythermalheatpump/CO2emissionshavedecreasedsignificantly/Throughtheheatpumptoimproveperformance/reducetheworkingfluidleakageandtheuseofnewrefrigerants/heatpumpinenvironmentalprotectionwillplayagreaterrole/2/3BuildingEnergyConservationLawTheimplementationofBuildingenergy-savingdesignstandardstoimprovetheperformanceofbuildinginsulation/reducingenergyconsumptionofheatingthebuilding/resultinginsignificantlyreducingtheheatpumpmodeofheating/runningcosts/increasetheheatpumpheatingandcentralheatingThecompetitivenessoftheway/240citiestochangetheenergystructureFocusonlargeandmedium-sizedurbanpopulation/energyconsumption/pollutionproblemsaremostprominent/andmustthereforebetheimplementationofnationalenergypolicy/improvetheenergystructure/promotingtheuseofcleanhigh-qualityenergyresources/restrictionsontheuseofcoal/whichistheapplicationofheatpumptocreatetheconditions/2/5energypriceadjustment3heatpumptechnologydevelopmentvision3/1heatpumptechnologyinthestatusquoAlltypesofevaporationandcondensationheatpumphastwotemperaturelevels/cuttingexpenditurebyexpansionvalveorcapillary/Onlyincreasethepressureonthedifferentforms/therearemechanicalcompression/thecompressionheat/steaminjectioncompression/Atpresent/ChinasdevelopmentofheatpumpTherearethreetrends/Air-cooledheatpumphotwaterunitrapiddevelopmentin1996thanin1995anincreaseofnearlytwicethat/Direct-firedgeneratingunitsforthedevelopmentoflithiumbromidehotandcoldwaterfaster/thetotalnumberoflithiumbromideabsorptionofhotwaterfor56percentofunits/Thelargestproportionofroomairconditioners/Heatpump-typewindow/separatedand10kWcoolingcapacityundertheairconditionerunitofthetotalcoolingcapacityof45percent/Buttechnicallythefollowingareas/Air-cooledheatpumpunitsexistsizelarger/morenoise/defrosttechnologyisnotyetperfect/andsoon/Mainareasofair-cooledheatpumpistheYangtzeRiverBasin/theregionsultrysummer/winterHumidicool/Januaryaveragetemperature0-10/therelativehumidityisgreaterthan75%/Therefore/theheatpumpmustadapttotherequirementsofthefollowinglow-temperatureandhighhumidity0TheclimateandenvironmentLithiumbromideabsorptionrefrigerationunitlowefficiency/Roomairconditionersexistnoisepollution/thermalpollution(alotofheatintoelectricalpowerintotheresidential)andtherefrigerantpollution/especially(Separatedconditioninginstallationanduseoftheleak)/1996Chinasinstalledabout3millionFentiJiand40millionairconditionerunitstoeachinstallationofemissionsfor50gterms/itwasleakingatotalof170t/year/3/2heatpumptechnologydevelopmentvisionGeneraltrendoftechnologicaldevelopmentisthedevelopmentofhigh-efficiencyheating/coolingandheatpumpheatpumpsystemsuper/3/2/1mechanicalcompressionheatpumpdevelopment(1)refrigerantsideoftheheatpumpcontrol/(2)compressorenergycontrol/(3)compressordesign/(4)ofthenewtechnology/3/2/2absorbheatandabsorbheatconverter3/2/3Compression-absorbheatpump3/2/4high-temperatureheatpump4/heatpumpmarketdevelopmentprospects4/1heatpumpfavorablefactorsforthedevelopmentofthemarket4/1/1Chinasenergypolicyandenvironmentalpolicyistopromotetherapiddevelopmentofheatpumptechnologyamajorfactor/4/1/2SinceChinaintroducedthereformandopeningupin1978/energypolicy/theYangtzeRiverBasinistherapideconomicdevelopment/livingstandardsalsohasbeensignificantlyimproved/Theregionsclimateischaracterizedbyhotsummer/nottoocoldinwinter(Januaryaverageoutdoortemperaturerangeof0-10/theaverageoutdoortemperatureisbeloworequalto5timefor0-90days/JulyOutdoorTheaveragetemperaturerangeof25-30/theaveragetemperatureisabove25thenumberofdaysfor40-110days)/Accordingtotheabovereasons/tothelargenumberofimportsofforeignproducts/heatpumpsysteminChinasrapidlygrowingapplications/60percentoftotalhouseholdair-conditionersfortheheatpumpeveninthecolderregionsofBeijing/therearemanyuserswanttofocusonheatingBeforeandafterapplicationofheatpump-typeairconditioningunitsforheating/hotwatersupplyinwinterandsummercoldwatersupplytotheelectricair-cooledair-conditioningunitonacentralizedsystemhasbeenwidelyused/theapplicationofthefuturewillbeevenmorepopular/4/1/3Chinashugeconstructionmarket/1995-2000/theestimatedannualnationalurbanconstructionofnewresidentialareaofabout240millionsquaremeters/ofwhichthenewShanghaieachyearabout15millionsquaremeters/Beijingabout10millionsquaremeters/about6millionsquaremetersinTianjin/Dalianabout260/2000-2010Millionsquaremetersineachofthenewresidentialconstructionareaofabout340millionsquaremeters/4/1/4Chinasindustrialwasteheatisveryrichinresources/useofthegreatpotentialforaverywidedistribution/suchasthechemicalindustryaccountedfor8/8percent/thepetrochemicalindustryaccountedfor30/9percent/andtextileindustriesaccountedfor4/0percent/Petrochemicalplants/papermills/pharmaceuticalPlants/metallurgicalplants/foodprocessingandagriculturalsectorsontheapplicationofaheatpumpdevelopmentresearch/suchastimber/drivenbyahighlyefficientheatpumpdryertoachievethepurposeoftheplantenergy-saving/ifwidelyusedpetrochemicalplantsteamjetHeatpumprecoveryofwasteheatintheproductionprocessfortheproductionandliving/hasmadesignificanteconomicbenefitsforthefuturedevelopmentofheatpumpmarkethascreatedconditions
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