论文翻译MANUFACTURINGANALYSIS/HOWMUCHFLEXIBILITY?Inadditiontoproductionsystemsthatfabricateveryhighqualityproducts/atlowcost/andwithultrarapiddelivery/manystrategicplannersandeconomistspointtotheneedforflexibility/PublicationsfromJapan(Yoshio/1994；Ohsono/1995)expressasimilarview/andthemorerecentJ/D/Powerscomparativesurveysonautomobilesindicatethatnowthatothersareclosingthequalitygap/theJapanesehavetocompeteinotherareas(seeRechtin/1994；andtheannualJ/D/Powersreportseries)/Emphasisisthusplaceonthesecombinedfactorsofquality/cost/delivery/andflexibility(QCDF)/Theabilitytoreacttosmallerlotsizesandthequestforultrarapiddeliveryaremajorconconcerns/culminatinginthepossbilityofathree-daycar(Iwataetal//1990_/Inanidealsituation/oncethevariousmarketsectorshavebeenestablished/productionwillsettleintoagrooveandbeconstantlyrefinedandimprovedbutwithnomajorupheavals/Unfortunately/inrecentyears/manufacturershavenotbeenabletorelyonlongperiodsofuninterruptedproductionbecauseeventsintheworldeconomyhaveforcedrapidchangesinconsumerdemandandtherangeofconsumerpreferences/HenryFordsfavoriteaphorism-thathiscutomerscouldhaveanycolorofcartheywantedaslongasitwasblack-isinsharpcontrasttotodaysrangeofconsumerpreferences/Thishasledtotheproposalbysomeacademicsthatmanufacteringcanbebuiltforcustomizedmassproduction/Thissoundsniceonfirsthearing/Howerver/forproductslikeautomobiles/thedegreeofcustomizationcangoonlysofarforagivenbatchsizeandpricepoint/OnlyhyperwealthyCEOsandmoviestarscangetprecisecustomizationinproductslikeautomobiles/Nevertheless/anabilitytobepreparedforanysuddenmarketshiftsisbecomingmoreofanissue/Asnewequipmentispurchased/manufacturingcompaniesmustdecidebetweenharwarethatisdedicatetoonlyafewtasksandisthusrelativelyinexpensive/andmorecostlybutmoreversatileequipmentthatmightperformunforeseentasksinthefuture/Themethodologiesforanalyzingcapitalexpenditures/returns=on-investment(ROI)/anddepreciationsaregiveninmanytexts(seeParkin/1992)/thesecanbeusedtoanalyzetheROIfornewmachinerythathasbeenidentifiedasusefulandisthereforeabouttobepurchased/However/sincetodaysmarkettrendsaresouncertain/suchanalysesdonothelptopredictthespecificsystemstoinstallinthefirtplace/Thehopeisthatsomeoftheengineeringsolutionswillprovidemuchmoreflexiblemachineryforonlyamodestincreaseincost(Greeenfeldetal//1989)/Inthisway/theinvestmentdilemnamightbelesscritical/Theprecedingdiscussionsemphasizethatflexibilityisamainchallengeforthecontinuedgrowthofamewcompany/Themainquestionis/Canadesignandfabricationsystemthatisfirstsetuptorespondtoonemarketsectorbequicklyreconfiquredtorespondtotheneedsofanothermarketsector/orevenanotherproduct/andbejustasefficient?Today/theanswertothisquestionisprobablynot/Forexample/ifamachineshopiswellequippedwithlathesbuthasnoverticalboringmachines/therewillbeanaturallimitonachievabletolerances/Itisunlikelythatitwillbeabletosuddenlyjumpfromtrucktransmissionstohelicopterteansmissions/Andeveninthereversescenario/ifashophasdedicateditselftoprecisionboring/itisunlikelythattheequipmentandthecraftspeoplewillbeabletobrquicklyredeployedinacost-effectivemannertoroutineproductionproceduresandlessdemandingtolerances；theircompetitiveadvantagewouldbelost/Thesesamecomparisonscanbemadeforsemiconductormanufacturing/Manufacturerswhoarecurrentlyfocusingonthehigh-volumeproductionofmemorychipswillnotreadilyswitchtoapplication-specificdevicesorveceversa/Thegeneralconclusionmaybedrawnthattodaysmanufacturingtools-specificallymanufacturingsystems-arestilltoodedicatedtospecificmachinetools/robots/andmanuvacturingsystems-arestilltoodedicatedyospecificmarketsectorsandarenotflexibleenough/Thisgeneralneedforflexibl/reconfigurablemanufacturingsystemswasofcourseakeyaspectofCIMiitsoriginalxonception/Merchant(1980)ledanumberofindustyforecastsbetween1969and1971thatrefinedthedetailsandneedsoftheCIMphilosophy/However/theseforecastsoverestimatedtherateatwhichflexiblemanufacturingsystemsangrelatedtechnologywouldbeasorbedintofactories/Duringthe1970sand1980s/machinesexchanged”handshakes”whentaskswerecompleted/Ifthesetaskswerecompletesproperlyandontim/thenaflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS)continuedtooperatesatisfactorily/However/ifthemachineswentseriouslyoutofbounds/thenthecommunicaationsbrokedownandtoofrequenthumaninterventionwasneededtomaketheFMSefficient/Duringthisera/theexperiencesofseveralresearchanddevelopmentgroupsshowedthattheinadequacyofcellcommunicationsoftwarewasprobablythekeyimpedimenttotheindustrialacceptanceofCIM(Harrington/1973；Merchant/1980；Bjorke/1979)/Ofinterestwasthatbythelate1980s/thereviewarticlesonCIMwereadvocatingmuchsmallerFMSsofonlythreeorfourmaxhinesasthemostefficientwayofutilizingthecellconcept/Allthesetrenssuggestesmoresophisticatedcomputer-andsensorbasedtechniquesatthefactoryfloor/asdescribedlater/2/6/1DesignforFlexibility(Reuse)Designforflexibilityintheautomobileindustrycanpayoffinabigwayifthereissomereusabilityoffixturefamilies/Theautomatedassemblylineswheretheframes/doors/andchassisareasembledwithrobotsandweldedtogetherareobviouslyintenselyexpensive/Thesearesualltwo_story-highlinesasbigasmanyfootballfieldswhererobots/fixtures/andalignmentcradlesbringthebodycomponentstogetherforweldingandassemblu/Theintensecostoftheselinesishardtopicturewithoutavisittoastandardautomobileplant/Thekeyissueistomaximizetheuseandreuseofthesefixuringlines/Ifdesigerswereallowedtotalfreedom/eachvehicleinthefamilumightrequirespecialtooling/Thiswouldnotallowcost-effectivemanufacturing/Asmintionedearlier/thisfactorplacesanimportantresponsibilityonthedesigner/Inanidealsituationthenewlydesignedcomponentwillbemadeonexisigfactory-floormachinery/readilyleadingtoan“off_the-shelf”automationsolution/Inthebestcase/existingfixturesandevensomepartsofexistingdieswillalsoreused/Somecompanies/thosewithsmallerbatchsizes/mightuseamixedproductionline/Asoneviewssuchaline/severalbodystylesgoby/perhapsthemixisassimpleasregularsedansandstationwagons/butthemixcanoftenbestretchedbeyondthistodufferentcarsofmoreorlessthesamesize/Withgooddesignformultipleusability/manyofthehardfixturesandrobotscahbeusedgorallthedifferingvehiclesinthefamily/Also/withgoodcooperationbetweenmanufacturinganddesign/theexistingrobotsandfixturesmightevenbeableto“upwardlyconstrainthevehicledesignspace”foorfuturevehickes/Therefore/viewedacrossseveralyearsandmorethanonefamilyofvehickes/automationcostsarerelativelylowerperindevidualvehicle2/62ConcludingRemarks/designAestheticsversusManufacturingJusttokeepaproperperspectiveatthecloseofthissubsection/itmustveemphasizedthatdesignformanufacturability(orflxibility)hastobeprudentlyapp；iedwiththeperceivedenduserconstantlyinmind/TheJapanesearticlesconcernedwithTQM(Yoshio/1994；Iwataetal//1990；see
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