1、1BridgeresearchinEuropeAbriefoutlineisgivenofthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanUnion/togetherwiththeresearchplatforminEurope/Thespecialcaseofpost-tensionedbridgesintheUKisdiscussed/InordertoillustratethetypeofEuropeanresearchbeingundertaken/anexampleisgivenfromtheUniversityofEdinburghportfolio/relatingtoth
2、eidentificationofvoidsinpost-tensionedconcretebridgesusingdigitalimpulseradar/IntroductionThechallengeinanyresearcharenaistoharnessthefindingsofdifferentresearchgroupstoidentifyacoherentmassofdata/whichenablesresearchandpracticetobebetterfocused/AparticularchallengeexistswithrespecttoEuropewherelang
3、uagebarriersareinevitablyverysignificant/TheEuropeanCommunitywasformedinthe1960sbaseduponapoliticalwillwithincontinentalEuropetoavoidtheEuropeancivilwars/whichdevelopedintoWorldWar2from1939to1945/ThestrongpoliticalmotivationformedtheoriginalcommunityofwhichBritainwasnotamember/Manyofthecontinentalco
4、untriessawBritainsinterestasbeingpurelyeconomic/The1970ssawBritainjoiningwhatwasthentheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)andthe1990shasseenthewideningofthecommunitytoaEuropeanUnion/EU/withcertainpoliticalgoalstogetherwiththeobjectiveofacommonEuropeancurrency/Notwithstandingthesefinancialandpoliticaldeve
5、lopments/civilengineeringandbridgeengineeringinparticularhavefoundgreatdifficultyinforminganykindofcommonthread/IndeedtheeducationalsystemsforUniversitytrainingarequitedifferentbetweenBritainandtheEuropeancontinentalcountries/TheformationoftheEUfundingschemese/g/Socrates/2BriteEuramandotherprogramsh
6、avehelpedsignificantly/TheSocratesschemeisbasedupontheexchangeofstudentsbetweenUniversitiesindifferentmemberstates/TheBriteEuramschemehasinvolvedtechnicalresearchgrantsgiventoconsortiaofacademicsandindustrialpartnerswithinanumberofthestatesaBriteEurambidwouldnormallybeledbyanindustrialist/Intermsofd
7、isseminationofknowledge/twoquitedifferentstrandsappeartohaveemerged/TheUKandtheUSAhaveconcentratedprimarilyupondisseminatingbasicresearchinrefereedjournalpublications/ASCE/ICEandotherjournals/WhereasthecontinentalEuropeanshavefrequentlydisseminatedbasicresearchatconferenceswherethecirculationofthepr
8、oceedingsisrestricted/Additionally/languagebarriershaveprovedtobeverydifficulttobreakdown/IncountrieswhereEnglishisastrongsecondlanguagetherehasbeenenthusiasticparticipationininternationalconferencesbasedwithincontinentalEuropee/g/Germany/Italy/Belgium/TheNetherlandsandSwitzerland/However/countriesw
9、hereEnglishisnotastrongsecondlanguagehavebeenhesitantparticipantse/g/France/EuropeanresearchExamplesofresearchrelatingtobridgesinEuropecanbedividedintothreetypesofstructure/MasonryarchbridgesBritainhasthelargeststockofmasonryarchbridges/IncertainregionsoftheUKupto60%oftheroadbridgesarehistoricstonem
10、asonryarchbridgesoriginallyconstructedforhorsedrawntraffic/ThisislesscommoninotherpartsofEuropeasmanyofthesebridgesweredestroyedduringWorldWar2/Concretebridges3Alargestockofconcretebridgeswasconstructedduringthe1950s/1960sand1970s/Atthetime/thesestructureswereseenasmaintenancefree/Europealsohasalarg
11、enumberofpost-tensionedconcretebridgeswithsteeltendonductspreventingradarinspection/ThisisaparticularprobleminFranceandtheUK/SteelbridgesSteelbridgeswentoutoffashionintheUKduetotheirneedformaintenanceasperceivedinthe1960sand1970s/However/theyhavebeenusedforlongspanandrailbridges/andtheyarenowreturni
12、ngtofashionformotorwaywideningschemesintheUK/ResearchactivityinEuropeItgivesanindicationcertainareasofexpertiseandworkbeingundertakeninEurope/butisbynomeansexhaustive/InordertoillustratethetypeofEuropeanresearchbeingundertaken/anexampleisgivenfromtheUniversityofEdinburghportfolio/Theexamplerelatesto
13、theidentificationofvoidsinpost-tensionedconcretebridges/usingdigitalimpulseradar/Post-tensionedconcreterailbridgeanalysisOveArupandPartnerscarriedoutaninspectionandassessmentofthesuperstructureofa160mlongpost-tensioned/segmentalrailwaybridgeinManchestertodetermineitsload-carryingcapacitypriortoatran
14、sferofownership/foruseintheMetrolinklightrailsystem/Particularattentionwaspaidtotheintegrityofitspost-tensionedsteelelements/Physicalinspection/non-destructiveradartestingandotherexploratorymethodswereusedtoinvestigateforpossibleweaknessesinthebridge/SincethesuddencollapseofYnys-y-GwasBridgeinWales/
15、UKin1985/therehasbeenconcernaboutthelong-termintegrityofsegmental/4post-tensionedconcretebridgeswhichmaybepronetobrittlefailurewithoutwarning/Thecorrosionprotectionofthepost-tensionedsteelcables/wheretheypassthroughjointsbetweenthesegments/hasbeenidentifiedasamajorfactoraffectingthelong-termdurabili
16、tyandconsequentstrengthofthistypeofbridge/Theidentificationofvoidsingroutedtendonductsatvulnerablepositionsisrecognizedasanimportantstepinthedetectionofsuchcorrosion/DescriptionofbridgeGeneralarrangementBessesothBarnBridgeisa160mlong/threespan/segmental/post-tensionedconcreterailwaybridgebuiltin1969
17、/Themainspanof90mcrossesoverboththeM62motorwayandA665BurytoPrestwickRoad/Minimumheadroomis5/18mfromtheA665andtheM62isclearedbyapprox12/5m/Thesuperstructureconsistsofacentralhollowtrapezoidalconcreteboxsection6/7mhighand4mwide/Themajorityofthesouthandcentralspansareconstructedusing1/27mlongpre-castco
18、ncretetrapezoidalboxunits/post-tensionedtogether/Thisboxsectionsupportstheinsiteconcretetransversecantileverslabsatbottomflangelevel/whichcarrytherailtracksandballast/Thecenterandsouthspansectionsareofpost-tensionedconstruction/Thesepost-tensionedsectionshavefivetypesofpre-stressing/1/Longitudinalte
19、ndonsingroutedductswithinthetopandbottomflanges/2/Longitudinalinternaldrapedtendonslocatedalongsidethewebs/Thesearedeflectedatinternaldiaphragmpositionsandareencasedininsiteconcrete/3/Longitudinalmacalloybarsinthetransversecantileverslabsinthecentralspan/4/Verticalmacalloybarsinthe229mmwidewebstoenhanceshearcapacity/
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