1、附录一英文原文ManufacturingEngineeringintheInformationandTheRolesofEngineersinManufacturingIntheearly1980s/engineersthoughtthatmassiveresearchwouldbeneededtospeedupproductdevelopment/Asitturnsout/lessresearchisactuallyneededbecauseshortenedproductdevelopmentcyclesencourageengineerstouseavailabletechnology/
2、Developingarevolutionarytechnologyforuseinanewproductisriskyandpronetofailure/Takingshortstepsisasaferandusuallymoresuccessfulapproachtoproductdevelopment/Shorterproductdevelopmentcyclesarealsobeneficialinanengineeringworldinwhichbothcapitalandlaborareglobal/Peoplewhocandesignandmanufacturevariouspr
3、oductscanbefoundanywhereintheworld/butcontaininganewideaishard/Geographicdistanceisnolongerabarriertoothersfindingoutaboutyourdevelopmentsixmonthsintotheprocess/Ifyouhavegotashortdevelopmentcycles/thesituationisnotcatastrophic/aslongasyoumaintainyoulead/Butifyouareinthemidstofasixyeardevelopmentproc
4、essandacompetitorgetswindofyouwork/theprojectcouldbeinmoreserioustrouble/Theideathatengineersneedtocreateanewdesigntosolveeveryproblemisquicklybecomingobsolete/ThefirststepinthemoderndesignprocessistobrowsetheInternetorotherinformationsystemstoseeifsomeoneelsehasalreadydesignedatransmission/oraheate
5、xchangerthatisclosetowhatyouneed/Throughtheseinformationsystems/youmaydiscoverthatsomeonealreadyhasmanufacturingdrawings/numericalcontroltapes/andeverythingelserequiredtomanufactureyourproduct/Engineerscanthenfocustheirprofessionalcompetenceonunsolvedproblems/Intacklingsuchproblems/theavailabilityof
6、workstationsandaccesstotheinformationhighwaydramaticallyenhancethecapabilityoftheengineeringteamanditsproductivity/Theseinformationagetoolscangivetheteamaccesstomassivedatabasesofmaterialproperties/standards/technologies/andsuccessfuldesigns/Suchprotesteddesignscanbedownloadedfordirectuseorquicklymo
7、difiedtomeetspecificneeds/Remotemanufacturing/inwhichproductinstructionsaresentoutoveranetwork/isalsopossible/Youcouldendupwithavirtualcompanywhereyoudonothavetoseeanyhardware/Whentheproductiscompleted/youcandirectthemanufacturertothedrop-shipittoyourcustomer/Periodicvisitstothecustomercanbemadetoen
8、surethattheproductyoudesignedisworkingaccordingtothespecifications/Althoughallofthesedevelopmentswontapplyequallytoeverycompany/thepotentialisthere/Customdesignusedtobelefttomallcompanies/Bigcompaniessneeredatittheyhatedtheideaofdealingwithnichemarketsorsmall-volumecustomsolutions/“Hereismyproduct/”
9、oneofthebigcompanieswouldsay/“Thisisthebestwecanmakeityououghttolikeit/Ifyoudont/theseissmallercompanydownthestreetthatwillworkonyourproblem/”Today/nearlyeverymarketisanichemarket/becausecustomersareselective/Ifyouignorethepotentialfortailoringyourproducttospecificcustomersneeds/youwilllosethemajorp
10、artofyourmarketshareperhapsallofit/Sincethenichemarketsaretransient/yourcompanyneedstobeinapositiontorespondtothemquickly/Theemergenceofnichemarketsanddesignondemandhasalteredthewayengineersconductresearch/Today/researchiscommonlydirectedtowardsolvingparticularproblem/Althoughthissituationisprobably
11、temporary/muchuncommittedtechnology/developedatgovernmentexpenseorwrittenoffbymajorcorporation/isavailabletodayatverylowcost/Followingmodestmodifications/suchtechnologycanoftenbeuseddirectlyinproductdevelopment/whichallowsmanyorganizationstoavoidtheexpenseofanextensiveresearcheffort/Oncethetechnolog
12、yisfreeofmajorobstacles/theresearcheffortcanfocusonovercomingthebarrierstoavoidthebarrierstocommercializationratherthanonpursuingnewandinteresting/butundefined/alternatives/Whenviewedinthisperspective/engineeringresearchmustfocusprimarilyonremovingthebarrierstorapidcommercializationofknowntechnologi
13、es/Muchofthiseffortmustaddressqualityandreliabilityconcerns/whichareforemostinthemindsoftodaysconsumers/Clearly/areputationforpoorqualityissynonymouswithbadbusiness/Everythingpossibleincludingthoroughinspectionattheendofthemanufacturinglineandautomaticreplacementofdefectiveproductsmustbedonetoassure
14、thatthecustomerreceivesaproperlyfunctioningproduct/Centraltotheprocessofimprovingreliabilityandloweringcostsistheintensiveandwidespreaduseofdesignsoftware/whichallowsengineerstospeedupeverystageofthedesignprocess/Shorteningeachstage/however/maynotsufficientlyreducethetimerequiredfortheentireprocess/
15、Therefore/attentionmustalsobedevotedtoconcurrentengineeringsoftwarewithshareddatabasesthatcanbeaccessedbyallmembersofthedesignteam/Manyengineershaveastheirfunctionthedesigningofproductsthataretobebroughtintorealitythroughtheprocessingorfabricationofmaterials/Inthiscapacitytheyareakeyfactorinthemater
16、ialselection-manufacturingprocedure/Adesignengineer/betterthananyotherperson/shouldknowwhatheorshewantsadesigntoaccomplish/Heknowswhatassumptionshehasmadeaboutserviceloadsandrequirements/whatserviceenvironmenttheproductmustwithstand/andwhatappearancehewantsthefinalproducttohave/Inordertomeetthesereq
17、uirementshemustselectandspecifythematerial(s)tobeused/Inmostcases/inordertoutilizethematerialandtoenabletheproducttohavethedesiredform/heknowsthatcertainmanufacturingprocesseswillhavetobeemployed/Inmanyinstances/theselectionofaspecificmaterialmaydictatewhatprocessingmustbeused/Atthesametime/whencert
18、ainprocessesaretobeused/thedesignmayhavetobemodifiedinorderfortheprocesstobeutilizedeffectivelyandeconomically/Certaindimensionaltolerancescandictatetheprocessing/Inanycase/inthesequenceofconvertingthedesignintoreality/suchdecisionsmustbemadebysomeone/Inmostinstancestheycanbemademosteffectivelyatthe
19、designstage/bythedesignerifhehasareasonablyadequateknowledgeconcerningmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses/Otherwise/decisionsmaybemadethatwilldetractfromtheeffectivenessoftheproduct/ortheproductmaybeneedlesslycostly/Itisthusapparentthatdesignengineersareavitalfactorinthemanufacturingprocess/anditisin
20、deedablessingtothecompanyiftheycandesignforproducibilitythatis/forefficientproduction/Manufacturingengineersselectandcoordinatespecificprocessesandequipmenttobeused/orsuperviseandmanagetheiruse/Somedesignspecialtoolingthatisusedsothatstandardmachinescanbeutilizedinproducingspecificproducts/Theseengi
21、neersmusthaveabroadknowledgeofmachineandprocesscapabilitiesandofmaterials/sothatdesiredoperationscanbedoneeffectivelyandefficientlywithoutoverloadingordamagingmachinesandwithoutadverselyaffectingthematerialsbeingprocessed/Thesemanufacturingengineersalsoplayanimportantroleinmanufacturing/Arelativelys
22、mallgroupofengineersdesignthemachinesandequipmentusedinmanufacturing/Theyobviouslyaredesignengineersand/relativetotheirproducts/theyhavethesameconcernsoftheinterrelationshipofdesign/materials/andmanufacturingprocesses/However/theyhaveanevengreaterconcernregardingthepropertiesofthematerialsthattheirm
23、achinesaregoingtoprocessandtheinterreactionofthematerialsandthemachines/Stillanothergroupofengineersthematerialsengineersdevotetheirmajoreffortstowarddevelopingnewandbettermaterials/They/too/mustbeconcernedwithhowthesematerialscanbeprocessedandwiththeeffectstheprocessingwillhaveonthepropertiesofthem
24、aterials/Althoughtheirrolesmaybequitedifferent/itisapparentthatalargeproportionofengineersmustconcernthemselveswiththeinterrelationshipbetweenmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses/Low-costmanufacturedoesnotjusthappen/Thereisacloseandinterdependentrelationshipbetweenthedesignofaproduct/selectionofmateri
25、als/selectionofprocessesandequipment/andtoolingselectionanddesign/Eachofthesestepsmustbecarefullyconsidered/planned/andcoordinatedbeforemanufacturingstarts/Thisleadtime/particularlyforcomplicatedproducts/maytakemonths/evenyears/andtheexpenditureoflargeamountofmoneymaybeinvolved/Typically/theleadtime
26、foracompletelynewmodelofanautomobileisabout2years/foramodernaircraftitmaybe4years/Withtheadventofcomputersaremachinesthatcanbecontrolledbyeithertapesmadebycomputersorbythecomputersthemselves/weareenteringaneweraofproductionplanning/Theintegrationofthedesignfunctionandthemanufacturingfunctionthecompu
27、teriscalledCAD/CAM(computeraideddesign/computeraidedmanufacturing)/Thedesignisusedtodeterminethemanufacturingprocessplanningandtheprogramminginformationforthemanufacturingprocessthemselves/Detaileddrawingscanalsobemadefromthecentraldatabaseusedforthedesignandmanufacture/andprogramscanbegeneratedtomakethepartsasneeded/Inaddition/
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