YFROEP通过阅读学托业词汇（2）（系统学习后续更新）托业考试官方优惠券“YFROEP”Unit SixManners Are Practically Non-ExistentManners nowadyas in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent/ It is nothing for a big/ strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus/ much less stand up and offer his seat to her/ as he ought/ In fact/ it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman/ it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation/ This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men/ who say that/ since women have claimed equality/ they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else/ Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men/ Even if it is not agreed/ however/ that young men should stand up for younger women/ the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old/ the sick and the burdened/ Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there indifferently reading the paper or a book/ saying to ourselves First come/ first served/ while a greyhaired woman/ a mother with a young child or a cripple stands? Yet this is all too often seen/Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone/ we know/ but hardship is surely no excuse/ Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behaviour of these stuot young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prison-camp during the War/ Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? Older people/ tired and irritable from a days work/ are not angels/ either - far from it/ Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes/ One cannot commend this/ of course/ but one does feel there is just a little more excuse/ If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all/ however/ it seems imperative/ not only that communications in transport should be improved/ but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite/ All over cities/ it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite/ Shop assistants wont bother to assist/ taxi-drivers growl at each other as they dash dangerously round corners/ bus conductor pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or offer the bus/ and so on and so on/ It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration/名人名言You may be disappointed if you fail/ but you are doomed if you dont try/-Beverly Sillsmetropolitan a/大城市的/大都会的联想词municipal a/ 市的/市政的courtesy n/ 1/谦恭有礼 2/有礼貌的举止(或言词)cripple n/ 跛子/伤残人 vt/ 1/使跛/使受伤致残 2/严重削弱/使陷于瘫痪stout a/ 1/发胖的/胖而大的 2/结实的/牢固的 3/勇敢的/大胆的/顽强的联想词sturdy a/ 1/强壮的/结实的/坚固的 2/坚定的/坚强的hardy a/ 1/强壮的/坚强的/能吃苦耐劳的 2/耐寒的robust a/ 强壮的/健康的muscular a/ 肌肉发达的/强壮的fragile a/ 1/易碎的/脆的/易损坏的 2/虚弱的/脆弱的irritate vt/ 1/使恼怒/使烦躁 2/使(身体某部分)不适/使疼痛irritable a/ 1/易怒的/急躁的 2/(***等)过敏的联想词aggravate vt/ 1/加重/加剧/使恶化 2/激怒/使恼火angel n/ 1/天使 2/可爱的人brisk a/ 1/轻快的/生气勃勃的 2/兴隆的/繁忙活跃的 3/寒冷而清新的联想词energetic a/ 精力充沛的/充满活力的slack a/ 1/不活跃的/萧条的/清淡的 2/懈怠的/马虎的 3/松(驰)的n/ (绳索等)松弛部分 vi/懈怠/懒散weary a/ 1/疲劳的/疲倦的 2/使人疲劳的/使人厌倦的 vi/(of)厌烦/不耐烦shove vt/ 1/乱推/挤 2/乱塞/随意做 vi/ 用力推/挤 n/猛推commend vt/ 1/表扬/称赞 2/推荐imperative a/ 1/必要的/紧急的/极重要的 2/命令的 n/ 必要的事/必须完成的事 growl vi/ 1/(动物)发狺狺声 2/低志咆哮着说话 联想词howl vi/嚎叫/吼叫/(风)呼啸 n/嚎叫/吼叫/(风)呼啸yell vi/ 号叫/叫喊 n/号叫/叫喊mutter v/ n/轻声低语/小声抱怨 mute a/ 1/缄默的/无声的 2/哑的/举说话的 3/(字母)不发声的 vt/消除(声音)/减轻声音murmur v/ n/ 小声说话/小声抱怨/咕哝buzz n/ 嗡嗡声 vi/发出嗡嗡声deteriorate vi/ 变坏/恶化deterioration n/ 变坏/恶化/***联想词crumble vt/ 弄碎 vi/ 崩溃/瓦解perfection n/ 完美/完善联想词intact a/ 完整无缺的/未经触动的/未受损伤的Unit SevenOn AmbitionIf ambition is to be well regarded/ the rewards of ambition-wealth/ distinction/ control over ones destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf/ If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality/ it must be widely shared/ and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired/ the educated not least among them/ In an odd way/ however/ it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal/ What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own than that of their parents and grandparents/ There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this / a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them/ Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs not than formerly/ Summer homes/ European travel/ BMWs- the locations/ place manes and name brands may change/ but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago/ What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams/ as easily nad openly as once they could/ lest they be thought pushing/ acquisitive and vulgar/ Instead/ we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles/ which now more than ever seem in ample supply/ the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home/ the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants/ the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life/ whose own children are enrolled in private schools/ For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional/ the proper formulation is/ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious/The attasks in ambition are many and come from varions angles/ its public defenders are few and unimpressive/ where they are not extremely unattractive/ As a result/ the support for ambition as a healthy impulse/ a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young/ is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States/ This does not mean that ambition is at an end/ that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings/ but only that/ no longer openly honored/ it is less openly professed/ Consequences follow from this/ of course/ some of which are that ambition is driven underground/ or made sly/ Such/ then/ is the way things stand/ on the left angry critics/ on the right stupid supporters/ and in the middle/ as usual/ the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life/destiny n/ 1/命运 2/定数/天命destined a/ 1/命中注定/预定的 2/以/为目的地的 deem vt/ 认为/视为hypocrisy n/ 伪善/虚伪location n/ 1/位置/场所 2/外景拍摄地locality n/ 地区/地点situated a/ 位于/的/坐落在/的spectacle n/ 1/演出/场面 2/景象/壮观 3/-s眼镜ample a/ 1/足够的 2/宽敞的/面积大的amplify vt/ 1/放大/增强 2/扩大/详述exceptional a/ 1/优越的/杰出的 2/例外的/独特的联想词abnormal a/ 反常的/异常的queer a/ 1/奇怪的/异常的 2/不舒服的/眩晕的ambitious a/ 1/有抱负的/雄心勃勃的 2/有野心的联想词aspiration n/ 强烈的愿望/志向/抱负enroll vi/(in/on) 入学/加入 vt/招收/吸收联想词expel (expelled/expelling) vt/ 1/把/除名/把/开除 2/驱逐 3/排出formulate vt/ 1/构想出/规划 2/系统地阐述 formulation n/ 1/公式化 2/系统的阐述 3/规划/构想impulse n/ 1/冲动/一时的念头 2/驱动/驱使 3/脉冲联想词propel (propelled/propelling) vt/ 1/推进/推动 2/激励/驱使curb vt/ 控制/约束 n/ 控制/约束 sly a/ 1/狡猾的/狡诈的 2/会意的/会心的联想词shrewd a/ 机灵的/敏锐的/精明的confidential a/ 1/秘密的/机密的 2/表示信任的Unit EightThe Advantages and Disadvantages of CarsThe use of the motor is becoming more and more widespread in the twentieth century/ as an increasing number of countries develop both technically and economically/ so a larger proportion of the worlds population is able to buy and use a car/ Possessing a car gives a much greater degree of mobility/ enabling the driver to move around freely/ The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is/ therefore/ not compelled to work locally/ He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choice within a small radius/ Traveling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use public transport/ the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air-conditioning in the summer to suit his own needs and preference/ There is no irritation caused by waiting for trains/ buses or underground trains/ standing in long patient queues/ or sitting on windy platforms/ for as long as half an hour sometimes/ With the building of good/ fast motorways long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly/ For the first time in this century also/ many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends/ instead of being confined to their immediate neighborhood/ This feeling of independence/ and the freedom to go where you please/ is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car/when considering the drawbacks/ perhaps pollution is of prime importance/ As more and more cars are produced and used/ so the emission from their exhaust-pipes contains an ever larger volume of poisonous gas/ Some of the contents of this gas/ such as lead/ not only pollute the atmosphere but cause actual harm to the health of people/ Many of the minor illnesses of modern industrial society/ headaches/ tiredness/ and stomach upsets are thought to arise from breathing polluted air/ doctors surgeries are full of people suffering from illnesses caused by pollution/ It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns/ most of the important cities of the world suffer form traffic jams/ In fact/ any advantage gained in comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the frustration caused by traffic jams/ endless queues of cars crawling one after another at the intersections/ As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised/ the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent/ The mounting cost of petrol and the increased tolls and road tax all add to the drivers worries/ In fact/ he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is such a blessing and not just a menace/ mobility n/ 1/流动性/移动性 2/机动性mobilize vt/ 1/动员 2/调动 vi/动员起来联想词summon vi/ 1/召唤 2/ (up)鼓起勇气 3/召开/召集irritate vt/ 1/使恼怒/使烦躁 2/使(身体某部分)不适/使疼痛radius n/ 半径air-conditioning n/ 空调设备/空调系统drawback n/ 缺点/欠缺/不利条件联想词setback n/ 挫折/***/失败handicap n/ 1/*** 2/障碍 vt/ (handicapped/handicapping) 妨碍/使不利productive a/ 1/多产的/富饶的 2/富有成效的productivity n/ 生产力/生产率surgery n/ 1/外科/外科手术 2/手术室surgeon n/ 外科医生联想词dentist n/牙科医生ward n/病房bandage n/绷带 vt/用绷带包扎intersection n/道路交叉口/交点联想词junction n/联结点/交叉口/枢纽overpass n/天桥/立交桥barricade n/ 路 vt/在/设路障bewilder vt/ 使迷惑/难住联想词perplex vt/ 使困惑/使复杂化baffle vt/ 使困惑/难住toll n/ 1/过路费 2/(事故等的)伤亡人数/损失 v/(缓慢而有规律的)敲(钟)divert vt/ 1/使转向/使改道 2/转移/转移/的注意力 3/使娱乐diversion n/ 1/转移/转向 2/消遣/娱乐 3/临时绕行路bless v/ 1/使有幸得到/使具有 2/为/祈神赐福blessing n/ 1/祈神赐福 2/幸事/恩惠menace n/ 1/具有危险的人 2/威胁/威吓 vt/ 威胁/威吓联想词intimidate vt/ 恐吓/威胁bully vt/欺负/威吓 n/恃强欺弱者jeopardize vt/ 危及/损害terrify vt/ 使害怕/使惊吓terrific a/ 1/可怕的/吓人的 2/极度的/极大的Unit NineThe Definition of a GentlemanIt is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain/ This description is both refined and/ as far as it goes/ accurate/ He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarrassed action of those about him/ His benefits may be considered as parallel to what are called comforts or convenience in arrangements of a personal nature/ like an easy chair or a good fire/ which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue/ though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat without them/ The true gentleman in like manner carefully avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt in the minds of those with whom he is cast/ - all clashing of opinion/ or collision of feeling/ all restraint/ or suspicion/ or gloom/ or resentment/ his great concern being to made every one at their ease and at home/ He has his eyes on all his company/ he is tender towards the bashful/ gentle towards the distant/ and merciful towards the absurd/ he can recollect to whom he is speaking/ he guards against unseasonable allusions/ or topics which may irritate/ he is seldom prominent in conversation/ and never wearisome/He makes light of favors while he does them/ and seems to be receiving when he is conferring/ He never speaks of himself except when compelled/ defends himself by a mere retort/ he has no ears for slander or gossip/ is scrupulous in imputing motives to those who interfere with him/ and interprets every thing for the best/ He is never mean or little in his disputes/ never takes unfair advantage/ never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments/ or insulates evil which he dare not say out/ From a long-sighted prudence/ he observes the maxim of the ancient sage/ that we should ever conduct ourselves towards our enemy as if he were one day to be our friend/ He has too much good sense to be affronted at insults/ he is too well employed to remember injuries/ and too indolent to bear malice/ He is patient/ forbearing/ and resigned/ on philosophical principles/ he submits to pain/ because it is inevitable/ to bereavement/ because it is irreparable/ and to death/ because it is his destiny/ If he engages in controversy of any kind/ his disciplined intellect preserves him from the blunder/名人名言It is one of the beautiful compensations of this life that no one can sincerely try to help another without helping himself/The great tragedy of life is not that men perish /but that they cese to love/inflict vt/ (on/upon)把/强加给/使遭受/使承担联想词afflict vt/使苦恼/折磨alleviate vt/减轻/缓解/缓和hinder vt/阻碍/妨碍联想词detain vt/ 1/拘留/扣留 2/留住/耽搁jolt n/ 1/震动/摇动/颠簸 2/震惊collision n/ 1/碰撞 2/冲突/抵触collide vi/1/碰撞 2/冲突联想词coincide vi/ 1/同是雪生2/相等/相一致 3/位置重合/重叠coincidence n/ 1/巧合/巧事 2/一致/符合suspicious a/ 1/猜疑的/疑心的 2/可疑的 3/表示怀疑的gloom n/ 1/昏暗/***暗 2/忧郁/沮丧gloomy a/ 1/忧郁的/沮丧的 2/令人失望的 3/昏暗的bashful a/ 局促的不安的/羞怯的absurd a/ 荒谬的/荒唐的联想词insane a/ 1/蠢极的/荒唐的 2/精神失常的/疯狂的hysterical a/情绪异常激动的confer (conferred/conferring) vi/商谈/商议 vt/授予/赋予retort v/反驳 n/反驳联想词refute vt/反驳/驳斥slander n/诽谤/诋毁gossip n/ 1/流言蜚语 2/爱说长道短的人scrupulous a/ 1/有顾忌的 2/细致的 insulate vt/ 隔离/使隔绝prudence n/ 1/审慎/小心 2/精明/深谋远虑 3/节俭indolent a/ 1/懒惰的/怠惰的 2/令人困倦的malice n/恶意/怨恨bereavement n/丧亲/丧友blunder n/ (因无知粗心等造成的)错误 vi/1/跌跌撞撞地走 2/犯错误联想词stagger vi/摇晃/蹒跚 vt/ 1/使吃惊 2/使错开 stumble vi/ 1/绊脚/绊倒 2/跌跌撞撞地走 3/结结巴巴tumble vi/ 1/跌倒/摔下 2/翻滚 3/不由自主的卷入 4/(价格等)暴跌Unit TenThe Olympic Games In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations/ The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus/ king of the Olympic Gods/ eventually lost its local character/ became first a national event and then/ after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished/ international/ No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic games go/ but some official records date from 776 B/C/The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus/ Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece/ The exact sequenceof events is uncertain/ but events included boys gymnastics/ boxing/ wrestling/ horse racing and field events/ though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games/On the last day of the Games/ all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads/ Although Olympic winners received no prize money/ they were/ in fact/ richly rewarded by their state authorities/After an uninterrupted history of almost 1/200 years/ the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A/D/ They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics/ the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind/ and that he spirit of competition in sports
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