2011年职称英语考试参考答案(卫生A代码12)二、阅读判断四、阅读理解第一篇 Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system/ The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consulting of millions and millions of cells/ Organized into sets and subsets/ these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢)/ The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt/ appropriate/ effective/ and self-omitting/At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself/ When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules/ the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders(入侵者)/ Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self/ The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker/ Rather/ immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance/ When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule/ the system has the ability to “remember” the specifics of the foreign body/ Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules/ the immune system reacts accordingly/ With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授***期)/ this so called immune system memory is not inherited/ Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family/ your immune system must “learn” from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live/ learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader/Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen/ Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win/ whose cells carry identical self makers) act as antigens/ because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign/ it rejects them/ The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary/ non-antigentic building blocks/ An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitomes/ which stick out from its surface/ Most antigens/ even the simplest microbes/ carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface/ some may even carry several hundred/ Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response/ Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack/题干：What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?答案：Bees flying around a hive/题干：The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as答案：self-tolerance/题干：How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign” or “nonself”?答案：Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface/题干：Which of the following statements is true?答案：Antigens can trigger an immune response/题干：Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?答案：The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself/第二篇 Cell Phones/ Hang Up or Keep Talking?Millions of people are using cell phones today/ In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one/ In many countries/ cell phones are very popular with young people/ They find that the phones are more than a means of communicationhaving a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected/The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried/ Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones/ In England/ these has been a serious debates about this issue/ Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas/ They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health/On the other hand/ why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning(扫描)equipment/ In one case/ a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss/ He couldnt remember even simple tasks/ He would often forget the name of his own son/ This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day/ every day of his working week/ for a couple of years/ His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use/ but his employers doctor didnt agree/What is it that make mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation/ High-tech machines can detect very small amount of radiation from mobile phones/ Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation/ but they say the amount is too small to worry about/As the discussion about their safety continues/ it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often/ Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time/ Use your mobile phone only when you really need it/ Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient/ especially in emergencies/ In the future/ mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health/ So for now/ its wise not to use your mobile phone too often/题干：People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that答案：theyre cheap/题干：The word “detected” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by答案：discovered/题干：The salesman retired young because答案：he couldnt remember simple tasks/题干：On the safety issue of mobile phones/ the manufacturing company答案：hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about/题干：The writers purpose of writing this article is to advise people答案：to use mobile phones less often/第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance(卫生类教材上阅
郑重声明：
1. 《2011年职称英语考试参考答案》内容来源于互联网，版权归原著者或相关公司所有。
2. 若《86561825文库网》收录的文本内容侵犯了您的权益或隐私，请立即通知我们删除。
