外文翻译英文原文：Flexible Manufacturing SystemA logical step from the concepts of group layout and of NC machine tools and robotics are computer-controlled interlinked outstation machining complexes/ or 11exibe manufacturing systems(FMS)as they have bedclothes call/do/Such systems can be looked upon as highly automated cells manufacturing families of components/The concept of FMS is not a new one/ the first proposals were made in the mid 1960s/ In recent years we have seen a growth in the number of systems/ particularly in Japan/ such that it is estimated that in excess of a hundred systems have been installed worldwide/ A flexible manufacturing system contains a number of features as follows/1/ Interlinked NC workstations operating on a limited range or family of work pieces/ In early propos-ales the machines were of modular construction/ but in recent systems general-purpose NC machines/ in particular machining centers/ are most commonly used/2/ Automatic transportation/ loading at unloading of work pieces and tools/ using automatic guided vehicles (AGVs)/ robots/ etc/3/ Work pieces mounted on pallets ft* transportation/ pattly to overcome the problems of new setups at each workstation/4/ Centralized NC or DNC/ together with overall computer control of the system/5/ Operation for significant periods of time with little or no manual intervention/With FMS the tern flexibility means the ability to aptness a variety of components without having to adjust machine setups/ Or change tooling/ High flexibility implies that a large family of different components can be produced by the particular system/ Figure 5/ 17 show that several variants of the basic FMS con-kept exist/ These are/l/Flexible manufacturing cells(FMs)/ These are basically machining centum but with the addition of a pallet pool or magazine(Fig/5/ t8 )/The aim is to machine the work piece with one stupefies type of machine can be operated unmanned for long periods of time/ with the palletized work pieces transformed au-somatically to and from the machine/ Flexible manufacturing cells of this type must be served by machines or operators engaged in blank preparation and polarization of work pieces/ These cells are highly flexible in operation/ having the ability to deal with a wide range of pats (40 to 800)/ in small batches of from 15 to 500/2/ Flexible transfer lines (fall)/ These/ systems consist of a number of NC or head-changeable ma chine tools connected by automatic material transfer systems/ The system can machine different components but without flexible routing of the workpieces/The family of components is relatively small ( 20) and the components must be quite similar to one another/ as the overall flexibility of tote system is too low for a larger variety to be accommodated/ In consequence/ the work cycles at each station nulls are quite well balanced/ Production quantities must be quite large for economic use of these system (1 500 to 15000 per annum for each component)/3/ Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)/ in these systems NC workstations are linked by automatic work piece transfer and handing/ With flexible routing and automatic work piece loading and unloading/ A-chining times at each station can differ considerably/ The number of different components that can be pro-cussed by these systems is ohm 10 o 150 in general and moderate quantities can be produced (15 to 500 components per annum for type)1Work Handling for FMSWork pieces are usually mounted on standard pallets for processing in FMS and these pallets locate automatically at each workstation in the system/ A variety of work-handling devices are used to transport parts/ pallets/ and tools around the system/ Some of these ate as follows/1/ Tow carts/ These are the most cannon devices used/ they consist of a simple platform on castors and are towed around the system by engagement with under floor/ continuously moving chains/ Cats stop at workstations by means of a mechanism total releases the tow pin at the appropriate time/ Branches and loops are canalled in a similar manner to railway systems/ 11te main advantage of tow carts is their simplicity and low cost/ since no on-board power is required for their movement or control/ Facilities must be available at each workstation to load and unload pallets from the carts/ Also/ the circulation of carts must be unidirectional/2/ Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs)/ These devices are usually designed to follow wins buried in the floor of the plant or lines painted on tote floor/ On-board power and control is required for bolt move mint and steering ate for tote handling of pallets/ Automatic guided vehicles ate more expensive than tow cats and are both larger and heavier/ Tale main advantage of AGVs is their greater flexibility of opera-ton/ These devices may move in either direction/ but for ease of control/ circulation is usually restricted to one direction only in practice/3/ Rail cats/ These carts move on rails and are generally restricted to backward and forward motion along straight tracks/ Power and control instructions ate ttunsferred by overhead conductors or extra rails/ Rail carts often accommodate two pallets to allow for pallet exchange at the system workstations/4/ Roller conveyors/ Most of tote early FMS developments utilized powered-roller conveyors for moving work pieces from statuette to station/ The use of these convents in modern systems is less common/ Roller conveyors are expensive to install and occupy valuable floor space/ In addition/ these conveyors are relatively inflexible in operation and difficult to alter if the overall system is expanded/5/ Industrial robots/ Robots are used in FMS but not extensively unless the cell consists of only a few machines/ They may be used as second at) handling devices/ particularly for turned work pieces/ which may be transported around the system in hatches on pallets by other handling devices and then transferred to the machine tool by robots at each workstation/ Gripper designs suitable for handling a wide variety of components are important in this case/2 Layouts for FMSA variety of different layouts for the machine tools in FMS have been adopted/ The choice depends on the scope of the system and the type of handling devices used for transporting work pieces from workstation to workstation/ The use of rail carts mean that a straight track must be used/ with machines located at the side of tote track/ Early systems using roller conveyors usually employed a simple loop configura-tio11/ with branches to the workstations/The increased use of tow carts and AGVs has resulted in more complex multicolor or tree-type layouts being used/ The latter type is most suitable for AGVs and is particularly useful if expansion of the system with additional workstations is anticipated/ Figure 5/19 shows a typical multicolor layout using tow carts/ and Fig/5/20 shows a typical layout where AGVs are used for work handling/3 Factory of the FutureOn the basis of the advances made to date in all aspects of manufacturing technology and computer controls/ we may envisage the factory of the future as a fully automated facility in which human beings would not be directly involved with production on the shop i1oor (hence the term unmanned factories)/All manufacturing/ material handling/ assembly/ and inspection would be done by automated and computer-controlled machinery and equipment/Similarly/ activities such as processing incoming orders/ production planning and scheduling/ cost accounting/ and various decision-making processes (usually performed by management) would also be done automatically by computers/ The role of human beings would be confined to activities such as supervising/ maintaining (especially preventive maintenance)/ and upgrading machines and equipment/ ship-ping and receiving supplies and finished products / providing security for the plant facilities / and programming/ upgrading/ and monitoring computer programs/ and monitoring/ maintaining/ and upgrading hard-ware/Industries such as some food/ petroleum/ and chemical already operate automatically with little human intervention/ These are continuous processes and/ unlike piece part manufacturing/ are easier to automate fully/ Even so/ the direct involvement of fewer people in manufacturing products is already apparent/ Surveys show that/ only 10-15 percent of the workforce is directly involved in production/ Most of the workforce is involved in gathering and processing information/Virtually unmanned manufacturing cells already make products such as engine blocks/ axles/ and housings for clutches and air compressors /For large-scale/ flexible manufacturing systems/ however/ highly trained and skilled personnel will always be needed to plan/ maintain/ and oversee operation/ The reliability of machines/ control systems/ and power supply is crucial to full factory automation/ A local or general breakdown in machinery/ computers/ power/ or communications networks will/ without rapid human intervention cripple production/ The computer-integrated factory of the future should be capable of automatically rerouting materials and production flows to other computers in case of such emergencies/译文：柔性制造系统以成组布局的方式，将由计算机控制的多台数控机***及机器人结合成多工位成套加工设备，即称为柔性制造系统（FMS），这种系统被视为对各类零件族进行加工的高度自动化制造单元。FMS并非是新的顿念，首先是在二十世纪60年代中期提出的。近年来FMS的数量不断增加，尤其是日本。据估计，世界上建立起来的FMS已经超过了一百套。柔性制造系统具有以下一些特征： l。将对范围有效的零件或某族零件进行加工的多台效控工作站互相联结。早期规划时FMS中的机***都采用单元结构、而近年来生产的FMS基本上采用通用数控机***，尤其是加工中心。 2通过自动运输小车（AGVs）机械手等设备时工件及***进行自动运送和装卸。3为便于传输，将工件装在托盘上，部分解决了工件装到每个工作站上去需进行重新调整的问题。4数控系统或直接数控系统与系统的计算机总体控制一起实行集中管理。5主要的加工过程无须人工干预或较少人工干预。柔性制造系统这一术语中的柔性意味着该系统在不必调整机***设备或更换工艺装备的情况下就能加工各类零件。柔性大是指莱某一特定的系统能加工某一大零件族的不同零件。图5。I 7示表示了现有的基本的FMS概念引出的一些派生系统，即：1柔性制造单元（FMS）：它基本上是带有托盘库或托盘站的加工中心（图5，1 8）。其目的是在一次安装下便可加工出工件。这种柔性制造单元可长时间无人看管。装在托盘中的工件可自动送达以及运离该加工机***。这种类型的柔性制造单元必须由机械装置或操作人员进行毛坯准备前将工件装在托盘上。柔性制造单元的加工柔性高，可小批量（15到5 00）地加工多种零件（40 8 00种）。2柔性自动线LTLs）。这些系统是由多台数控机***或可更换主轴箱的机***所组成，机***之间通过物料自动输送系统相联接。此系统可加工不同的零件，但工件的加工路线不能变动。可加工的零件族种类比较少（20）而且它们之间必须十分相似，这是因为这类系统的柔性太小，所加工的工件不可变化太太。所以每个工作站上的加工时间必须相等。要使这些系统加工经济则产量必颂大（每种零件的年产量应为1500到15000件）。3柔性制造系统（FMS）。此类系统的数控工作站由工件的自动榜送和搬运系统相联接，能够改变加工路线，并可自动装卸工件。每个工作站的加工时间可能相差较大。柔性制造系统可加工的零件种类一放为10 150种，适于中等批量的生产每一类零件的年产量为15 到 500件。图5。17 各种FMS的概念柔性自动化。 柔性自动线：机***内部联系；多用途加工；周期地输送工件；控制物料流动；加工设备的部分运用性，其调整时间较短。柔性制造系统：机***外部联系，单用途和或多用途加工；非周期输送工作；物料按各种顺序自动流动；对手少量的试件无需进行手工调整。柔性制造单元：没有内部联系的***设置的机***；单级加工；机***装载工作，具有一个缓冲工位的机***；带有工件库的机***； 自动换刀。图5，l 8 典型的用于无人操作的加工中心，它带有托盘、刀库及CNC控制可与主计算机通讯。自动换刀机构；刀库；CNC控制单元；自动除屑装置；托盘库。1柔性制造系统的工件输送装置FMSs中通常将工件安装在托盘上以便进行加工，托盘在系统的每一工位上自动定位。采用了各种输送装置以便在系统中运送工件、托盘及***，其中输送装置是：1牵引车：这是最常用的输送装置，它由自位轮上的简***台组成，通过地下连续移动的传输链牵引绕系统运动。通过一机械装置在适当的时间松开牵引销使牵引车在各工位停下。运输线路的分支及其回路的控制叫方式类似于铁路系统。由于牵引车的运动或控制不需要车上能源，所以拖车的主要优点是结构简单，造价低廉。每工作站上都必须有从牵引车上装卸托盘的设备，同样，拖车的循环必须是不定向的。2自动引导小车（AGVs）。这种运输车通常是设计为沿埋于车间地下的线路或沿涂敷在地面上的线路来运行。其运动、转向以及运送托盘都需消耗运输车车上的能量和控制。自动导引车比牵引车的造价高、体积大、同时也更重要一些。AGVs的主要优点是工作柔性较大，可沿任意方向运动，但是为便于控制；实际上这种运输车通常只能沿一个方向运动。3有轨小车：有轨小车在导轨上运动，一般仅能沿直线导轨作前后运动。通过上部的导线或附加的导轨来传送能量及控制指令。有轨小车通常可容纳两个托盘，从而可在系统的工作站上交换托盘。 4滚珠式输送器：大部分早期的FMS使用机动的滚柱式输送器来完成工件在系统工作站之间的输送、现代的FMS已很少使用了。滚柱式输送器安装费用较高，占用厂房空间较大。另外，其工作柔性较差，如果整个系统要扩大，则很难改动。5工业机器人：工业机器人可用于FMS，但除了仅由少数几台机***构成的制造单元采用它外，并没有广泛采用。机器人也可以作为辅助传输装置，特别是对于车削件，工件可分批装在托盘上，并由其它输送装置控制其绕系统输送，到每一工作站后再由机器人将其传送到机***上。重要的是设计适合于在这种情况下搬运各种了件的抓手装置。2柔性封造系统的总体布局FMSs已采用了各种不同的机***布局方式。选用哪种布局方式取决于该系统的应用范围及工件持送设备的类型。使用有执小车则意味着必须使用直线导轨，而机***位于在该导轨侧面。早期的柔性制造系统使用滚柱式输送器，通常采用简单的环形布置格局，其中有许多支路通向各工作站牵引车和自动导引小车用得越来越多，使得柔性制造系统采用了更为复杂的多环路布局方式或树形布局方式。树形布局方式最适于使用自动引导小车，可以预料，对于以增加工作站来扩展系统尤为有用。图F。l 9表示了一种典型的使用牵引车的多环路布局形式，图520表示了一种典型的使用自动导引车输送工件的布局方式。图5/19 系统有8台卧式加工中心和4 台主轴箱更换装置的典型牵引车布形式装卸工件；牵引车运输轨道；直线式往复来回料车；计算机房；回料车更换主轴箱；计箕机房；***仓。图5/20 典型的自动导引小车的布局方式。系统有5台卧式加工中心、坐标测量机、自动托盘站和检索系统以及转盘式仓库坐
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