1、TheBasicsofSolarPowerforProducingElectricityUsingsolarpowertoproduceelectricityisnotthesameasusingsolartoproduceheat/Solarthermalprinciplesareappliedtoproducehotfluidsorair/Photovoltaicprinciplesareusedtoproduceelectricity/Asolarpanelismadeofthenaturalelement/silicon/whichbecomeschargedelectricallyw
2、hensubjectedtosunlight/Solarpanelsaredirectedatsolarsouthinthenorthernhemisphereandsolarnorthinthesouthernhemisphere(theseareslightlydifferentthanmagneticcompassnorth-southdirections)atanangledictatedbythegeographiclocationandlatitudeofwheretheyaretobeinstalled/Typically/theangleofthesolararrayisset
3、withinarangeofbetweensite-latitude-plus15degreesandsite-latitude-minus15degrees/dependingonwhetheraslightwinterorsummerbiasisdesirableinthesystem/Manysolararraysareplacedatanangleequaltothesitelatitudewithnobiasforseasonalperiods/TheintensityoftheSunsradiationchangeswiththehouroftheday/timeoftheyear
4、andweatherconditions/Tobeabletomakecalculationsinplanningasystem/thetotalamountofsolarradiationenergyisexpressedinhoursoffullsunlightperm/orPeakSunHours/Thisterm/PeakSunHours/representstheaverageamountofsunavailableperdaythroughouttheyear/Itispresumedthatatpeaksun/1000W/mofpowerreachesthesurfaceofth
5、eearth/Onehouroffullsunprovides1000Whperm=1kWh/m-representingthesolarenergyreceivedinonehouronacloudlesssummerdayonaone-squaremetersurfacedirectedtowardsthesun/Toputthisinsomeotherperspective/theUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergyindicatestheamountofsolarenergythathitsthesurfaceoftheearthevery+/-hourisgr
6、eaterthanthetotalamountofenergythattheentirehumanpopulationrequiresinayear/Anotherperspectiveisthatroughly100squaremilesofsolarpanelsplacedinthesouthwesternU/S/couldpowerthecountry/ThedailyaverageofPeakSunHours/basedoneitherfullyearstatistics/oraverageworstmonthoftheyearstatistics/forexample/isusedf
7、orcalculationpurposesinthedesignofthesystem/ToseetheaveragePeakSunHoursforyourareaintheUnitedStates/U/S/-SolarInsolationChoosetheareaclosesttoyourlocationforagoodindicationofyouraveragePeakSunHours/Foraviewofglobalsolarisolationvalues(peaksun-hours)usethislink/GlobalPeakSun-hourMaps/then/youcanuseba
8、ckorpreviousonyourbrowsertoreturnrighthereifyouwantto/Soitcanbeconcludedthatthepowerofasystemvaries/dependingontheintendedgeographicallocation/FolksinthenortheasternU/S/willneedmoresolarpanelsintheirsystemtoproducethesameoverallpowerasthoselivinginArizona/Wecanadviseyouonthisifyouhaveanydoubtsabouty
9、ourarea/Thefourprimarycomponentsforproducingelectricityusingsolarpower/whichprovidescommon120voltACpowerfordailyuseare/Solarpanels/chargecontroller/batteryandinverter/Solarpanelschargethebattery/andthechargeregulatorinsuresproperchargingofthebattery/ThebatteryprovidesDCvoltagetotheinverter/andtheinv
10、erterconvertstheDCvoltagetonormalACvoltage/If240voltsACisneeded/theneitheratransformerisaddedortwoidenticalinvertersareseries-stackedtoproducethe240volts/Theoutputofasolarpanelisusuallystatedinwatts/andthewattageisdeterminedbymultiplyingtheratedvoltagebytheratedamperage/TheformulaforwattageisVOLTSti
11、mesAMPSequalsWATTS/Soforexample/a12volt60wattsolarpanelmeasuringabout2044incheshasaratedvoltageof17/1andarated3/5amperage/VA=W17/1voltstimes3/5ampsequals60wattsIfanaverageof6hoursofpeaksunperdayisavailableinanarea/thentheabovesolarpanelcanproduceanaverage360watthoursofpowerperday；60wtimes6hrs=360wat
12、t-hours/Sincetheintensityofsunlightcontactingthesolarpanelvariesthroughouttheday/weusethetermpeaksunhoursasamethodtosmoothoutthevariationsintoadailyaverage/Earlymorningandlate-in-the-daysunlightproduceslesspowerthanthemid-daysun/Naturally/cloudydayswillproducelesspowerthanbrightsunnydaysaswell/Whenp
13、lanningasystemyourgeographicalareaisratedinaveragepeaksunhoursperdaybasedonyearlysundata/Averagepeaksunhoursforvariousgeographicalareasislistedintheabovesection/Solarpanelscanbewiredinseriesorinparalleltoincreasevoltageoramperagerespectively/andtheycanbewiredbothinseriesandinparalleltoincreasebothvo
14、ltsandamps/Serieswiringreferstoconnectingthepositiveterminalofonepaneltothenegativeterminalofanother/Theresultingouterpositiveandnegativeterminalswillproducevoltagethesumofthetwopanels/buttheamperagestaysthesameasonepanel/Sotwo12volt/3/5amppanelswiredinseriesproduces24voltsat3/5amps/Fourofthesewired
15、inserieswouldproduce48voltsat3/5amps/Parallelwiringreferstoconnectingpositiveterminalstopositiveterminalsandnegativetonegative/Theresultisthatvoltagestaysthesame/butamperagebecomesthesumofthenumberofpanels/Sotwo12volt/3/5amppanelswiredinparallelwouldproduce12voltsat7amps/Fourpanelswouldproduce12volt
16、sat14amps/Achargecontrollermonitorsthebatterysstate-of-chargetoinsurethatwhenthebatteryneedscharge-currentitgetsit/andalsoinsuresthebatteryisntover-charged/Connectingasolarpaneltoabatterywithoutaregulatorseriouslyrisksdamagingthebatteryandpotentiallycausingasafetyconcern/Chargecontrollers(oroftencal
17、ledchargeregulator)areratedbasedontheamountofamperagetheycanprocessfromasolararray/Ifacontrollerisratedat20ampsitmeansthatyoucanconnectupto20ampsofsolarpaneloutputcurrenttothisonecontroller/ThemostadvancedchargecontrollersutilizeachargingprincipalreferredtoasPulse-Width-Modulation(PWM)-whichinsurest
18、hemostefficientbatterychargingandextendsthelifeofthebattery/EvenmoreadvancedcontrollersalsoincludeMaximumPowerPointTracking(MPPT)whichmaximizestheamountofcurrentgoingintothebatteryfromthesolararraybyloweringthepanelsoutputvoltage/whichincreasesthechargingampstothebattery-becauseifapanelcanproduce60w
19、attswith17/2voltsand3/5amps/thenifthevoltageisloweredtosay14voltsthentheamperageincreasesto4/28(14v4/28amps=60watts)resultingina19%increaseinchargingampsforthisexample/ManychargecontrollersalsoofferLowVoltageDisconnect(LVD)andBatteryTemperatureCompensation(BTC)asanoptionalfeature/TheLVDfeaturepermit
20、sconnectingloadstotheLVDterminalswhicharethenvoltagesensitive/Ifthebatteryvoltagedropstoofartheloadsaredisconnected-preventingpotentialdamagetoboththebatteryandtheloads/BTCadjuststhechargeratebasedonthetemperatureofthebatterysincebatteriesaresensitivetotemperaturevariationsaboveandbelowabout75Fdegre
21、es/TheDeepCyclebatteriesusedaredesignedtobedischargedandthenre-chargedhundredsorthousandsoftimes/ThesebatteriesareratedinAmpHours(ah)-usuallyat20hoursand100hours/Simplystated/amphoursreferstotheamountofcurrent-inamps-whichcanbesuppliedbythebatteryovertheperiodofhours/Forexample/a350ahbatterycouldsup
22、ply17/5continuousampsover20hoursor35continuousampsfor10hours/Toquicklyexpressthetotalwattspotentiallyavailableina6volt360ahbattery；360ahtimesthenominal6voltsequals2160wattsor2/16kWh(kilowatt-hours)/Likesolarpanels/batteriesarewiredinseriesand/orparalleltoincreasevoltagetothedesiredlevelandincreaseam
23、phours/Thebatteryshouldhavesufficientamphourcapacitytosupplyneededpowerduringthelongestexpectedperiodnosunorextremelycloudyconditions/Alead-acidbatteryshouldbesizedatleast20%largerthanthisamount/Ifthereisasourceofback-uppower/suchasastandbygeneratoralongwithabatterycharger/thebatterybankdoesnothavet
24、obesizedforworstcaseweatherconditions/Thesizeofthebatterybankrequiredwilldependonthestoragecapacityrequired/themaximumdischargerate/themaximumchargerate/andtheminimumtemperatureatwhichthebatterieswillbeused/Duringplanning/allofthesefactorsarelookedat/andtheonerequiringthelargestcapacitywilldictateth
25、ebatterysize/Oneofthebiggestmistakesmadebythosejuststartingoutdoesnotunderstandtherelationshipbetweenampsandamp-hourrequirementsof120voltACitemsversustheeffectsontheirDClowvoltagebatteries/Forexample/sayyouhavea24voltnominalsystemandaninverterpoweringaloadof3amps/120VAC/whichhasadutycycleof4hoursper
26、day/Youwouldhavea12amphourload(3A4hrs=12ah)/However/inordertodeterminethetruedrainonyourbatteriesyouhavetodivideyournominalbatteryvoltage(24v)intothevoltageoftheload(120v)/whichis5/andthenmultiplythistimesyour120vacamphours(512ah)/Sointhiscasethecalculationwouldbe60amphoursdrainedfromyourbatteries-n
27、otthe12ah/Anothersimplewayistotakethetotalwatt-hoursofyour120VACdeviceanddividebynominalsystemvoltage/Usingtheaboveexample；3amps120volts4hours=1440watt-hoursdividedby24DCvolts=60amphours/Lead-acidbatteriesarethemostcommoninPVsystemsbecausetheirinitialcostislowerandbecausetheyarereadilyavailablenearl
28、yeverywhereintheworld/Therearemanydifferentsizesanddesignsoflead-acidbatteries/butthemostimportantdesignationisthattheyaredeepcyclebatteries/Lead-acidbatteriesareavailableinbothwet-cell(requiresmaintenance)andsealedno-maintenanceversions/AGMandGel-celldeep-cyclebatteriesarealsopopularbecausetheyaremaintenancefreeandtheylastalotlonger/
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