1、英文原文EvolutionofDecisionSupportSystemArchitectures/applicationsforlandplanningandmanagementinCubaS/SegreraComputerScienceDepartment/NationalSugarCaneResearchInstituteCarreteraCAIMartnezPrietokm2/CiudaddeLaHabana/CubaR/Ponce-HernndezEnvironmentalandResourceStudiesProgram/DepartmentofGeography/TrentUni
2、versityPeterborough/Ontario/CanadaandJ/ArciaComputerScienceDepartment/NationalSugarCaneResearchInstituteCarreteraCAIMartnezPrietokm2/CiudaddeLaHabana/CubaABSTRACTThemainobjectiveofthispapercentersonreviewingtheevolutionofDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)architectures/particularlyastheyapplytonaturalresour
3、ces/Todayitisdifficulttoconceivetheexistenceofaruralplanningautomatedsystemthatdoesntincludespatialanalysisfunctionalityandthatdoesnotconsidertheintegrateduseofdifferentanalyticalmodules/Thiswiderrangeoffunctionsallowforsolvingproblemsfromresourceandenvironmentalmanagement/GeographicalInformationSys
4、tems(GIS)/automatedlandevaluation/multi-criteriaparticipatoryanalysisindecisionmakingarebutthemostsalienttechnologiesinaDSS/DSShaveevolved；theirarchitecture/modeofimplementation/aswellastheirfunctionalityandtheincorporationofnewcomputationaltechniqueshaveadvancedlately/IntheparticularcaseofCuba/thef
5、irststepsinmaterializingthisevolutionhavebegun/Atpresent/theNationalSugarCaneResearchInstitute(INICA)leadsaresearchprojectorientedtowardsthedevelopmentandbuildingofadedicatedDSSforsugarcanecropping/ThisisconceivedasanintegratedSDSS(SpatialDSS)tosupportdecision-makingandmultipleproblem-solvinginsucha
6、fundamentalproductiveactivitysuchassugarcaneagricultureinCuba/Keywords/DSS/decisionmaking/interoperability/SpatialDecisionSupportSystem/1/INTRODUCTIONThereisavarietyofdefinitionsontheconceptofDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)inpublishedwork/TheDSSparadigmappearedattheendofthe70s/DSSweredevelopedforapplica
7、tionsindifferentfieldsofspecialization16/Someauthorslike17consideredaDSSasanycomputersystem/whichshouldsupporthumandecision-making/MostoftheexistentpublishedworkscoincideintheirunderstandingofDSSastoolstoaiddecision-makingwithproblemsthatarenotwellstructured/Thistypeofanalysis/demandingarecursivemec
8、hanismforiterationsisthejustificationforusingsoftwareandhardwarethatsupportsthesearchandselectionofthemostappropriatealternativesforthesolutionofexistentproblems(12/10and14)/Ithasbeenpointedoutby30thatdecisionsupportsystemsshouldprovideintegrationandregenerationoftheinformation/supporttheexploratory
9、natureofthescientificdiscoveryprocessandallowthedevelopmentofalternativestoapplyinformationsystemtechnology/inordertoincreasetheeffectivenessofthoseresponsiblefordecisions/insituationswherethecomputercansupportandreinforcehumanjudgementinthefulfillmentoftasks/whichhaveelementsthatcannotbespecifiedbe
10、forehand/Inthesesystemsdifferentmodulesarecombinedunderasoleinterface/Ithasbeenpointedout3/5/21/4/33and8thattheparadigmofintegrationinDSShasopenedupawiderangeofanalyticalpossibilitiesandpracticallylimitlessapplicationsareestablished/bytheuseofmodels/simulations/statisticalanalysis/imageprocessing/3-
11、Dandtemporaldimensionvisualization/togetherwiththepossibilityofcodingexpertreasoningdigitally/Also/softwarecustomizationispossiblespecificallyconfiguredtorequiredscalesandapplications/toachieveaflexibleinter-operationalenvironment/Allthosecapabilitiescontributetotheintegrationofapowerfuldecisionmaki
12、ngtoolforagriculture/whereitsuseinnaturalresourcepreservationandenvironmentalmanagementwillhaveunquestionablyprofoundpracticalbenefits/ThetermsintelligentDSSorexpertDSShavebeenintroducedtomakereferencetotheuseofartificialintelligencetechniquestoextendthecapacitiesoftheDSSinthesolutionofproblems(27y7
13、)/ThetrendintheevolutionoftheDSSparadigmleavesclearthatthefocusonrationalstaticanalysisisbeingleftinfavourofamoreiterative/complexandadaptativeparadigm(25)/WhenthespatialcomponentisaddedtoDSS/thenspatialinformationmanagementispossibleevolvingintoSpatialDecisionSupportSystems(SDSS)/Sixcharacteristics
14、ofDSShavebeenidentified5and13/Thesecharacteristicsare/1)explicitdesigntosolvesemi-structuredproblems；2)powerfuluserinterfaceandeasyuse；3)abilitytocombineanalyticalmodelswithdatainaflexibleway；4)abilitytoexplorethesolutionspacebuildingalternative；5)capacitytosupportvarietyofstylesindecisionmaking；and
15、6)problem-solvinginaninteractiveandrecursiveway/Addedtothelistarethosecapacitiesandfunctions/whichdistinguishanSDSS/1)toprovidemechanismsforinputspatialdata；2)toallowtherepresentationoftherelationshipsandspatialstructures；3)toincludespatialandgeographicalanalysistechniques/and4)toprovideoutputsindif
16、ferentspatialforms/includingmaps/As18outlined/thistypeofDSSmakesanimportantcontribution/notonlytoadvancingtechnologybutalsotoincorporatingthespatialdimensioninthedecisionmakingprocess/whichhasgreatsignificanceinareasrelatedtoconservationandmanagementofnaturalresources/2/RELATIONSHIPBETWEENGISANDSDSS
17、SDSSandGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)arecloselyrelated/SpecialistsdonotevenconceivetheexistenceofaSDSSwithouttheinclusionofGISelementsorcomponents/Someauthorslike26carriedoutananalysiswhereGIS/DSSandSDSSwerecompared/TheyhaveconcludedthataGISisabletobeaneffectivetoolindecisionmakingprocessandthere
18、foreitshouldbeintegratedwithsoftwareabletocarryoutmodelmanagement/Thishasbeenachievedwithsuccess/Storage/queries/andvisualizationofspatialdatawithGISispossible/inspiteofithavingthemathematicalmodelingofthesesystemslimitedtosimplearithmeticoperationsandspatialoverlays/Thisdeficiencyrequiresofexternal
19、modellingroutineuseanditcanbecorrectedwiththeconstructionofSDSS/Ontheotherhand/5exposedGISlimitationsandwhysometimesitisnecessarytouseSDSSforagroupofproblems/1/ThecapacitiesofanalyticalmodelingfrequentlyarenotpartoftheGIS/2/Thegroupofvariablesorlayersinthedatabasecanbeinsufficientforcomplexmodels/3/
20、Datahaveinsufficientscaleandresolution/Atthepresenttime/SDSSimplementationisnotconceivedwithoutconsideringGISintegrationinordertolinkitwiththegeospatialdataandwithagroupofanalyticalmodules/basedonmodelsofdiversetypesandorientations/Today/thereisanincreasinginterestinthedevelopmentofSDSS/Thesesystems
21、arecharacterizedbythespatialandgeometricrelationshipsofdatarepresentingobjectsandtheirpositioninthegeographicalspace/Toolsofspatialdecision/suchasGISandComputerAidDesign(CAD)donotincludetheanalyticalcapacitiesrepresentedbythemodulesmentionedabove/thereforetheyarenotabletoprovidecompleteanswerstosati
22、sfytheneedsofmoderndecisionmaking/Theintegrationofalltheseautomatedtoolsinsideasingleworkingenvironmentandasingleusergraphicalinterfaceisdesirableifnotessential/However/manytechnicalproblemsshouldbesolved/andtheyarerelatedtodatamanagementanddatainter-operabilitybetweenmodules/Dataexchangeandtransfer
23、/sharingofresultsandofparametersbetweenmodels/forasmoothdataflowandefficientinformationprocessing/Welldesignedandfunctionalinteroperabilitytasksareneededinordertosupportanefficientdecisionmakingprocess/Interoperabilityisthecapacitytoorganizeandtransferinformationamongmodelsandanalyticalmodulesandfun
24、ctionalcomponents/whichappearintegratedinasystem/InthecomponentsofaDSS/interoperabilityismeasuredbytheabilityofthesystemtoorchestratetheacquisition/transformationandpresentationoftheinformationduringthewholedecisionmakingprocess(32)/3/ARCHITECTURESOFASDSSASDSS/fromthestandpointofitsoperation/require
25、sessentiallyof4modulesormajoroperationsstosupportdecision-making/Theseare/Datainput(e/g/imagesanddata)/DatabaseManagement/AnalysisandPresentation/FivekeymodulesforSDSSarchitecturehavebeensuggestedby1/Theseare/1/ADatabaseManagementSystem/2/AnalyticalproceduresinaModelBaseManagementSystem/3/Ascreengen
26、erator/4/Areportgenerator/5/Userinterface/ThecomponentsofaSDSSasdefinedby20are/1/DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)/whichcontainsthefunctionsofmanipulationofthegeographicaldatabase/2/ModelBaseManagementSystem(MBMS)/whichcontainsthefunctionsformodeluseandmanagement/3/Dialoguegenerationandmanagementsystem
27、/whichmanagestheinterfacebetweentheuserandtherestofthecomponentsofthesystem/Fortheprogrammer/thismodularstructurefacilitatesthedevelopmentofthesoftwareandfromtheusersperspectivetheSDSSappearsasseamlesslyintegrated/DifferentauthorshaveexaminedthehistoryandevolutionoftheDSS/Forinstance/28divideditin5s
28、tagesaccordingtotheevolutionoftheirarchitectures/ForthisanalysisthepatternSMP(Structures/MechanismsandPolicies)paradigmwasused/(23)/beginningfromalgorithmsandsimpleprogramsandthefirstcomputersuntiltheemploymentofobject-orientation/sophisticatedcomputersandthearchitectureDSP(DecisionSupportProcessDec
29、isionSupportSystem)withExecutableModelingLanguages(EML)(Figure1)/ThistypeofDSSmodelhaspresents3majoradvantages/1/Itisindependentofthetypesofnecessarymodelsinthedecisionsupportsystem；makingtheDSPtobeportablethroughseveraldomainsofproblemsandtools/Figure1/DSParchitectureproposedby28/2/Itprovidesastabl
30、eDSSarchitectureduetothefactthatnewtoolsandagentscanbeaddedwithouthavingtomodifythesuperiorlayersofthearchitecture/3/Itcreatesatoolintegrationenvironment/ADSParchitectureprovidesindependence/stabilityandintegration/threedesirableelementsthatmustbeincludedinageneraldesignofanAutomatedGeospatialDecisi
31、onSupportSystemforsugarcanePlanninginCuba(AGDSSP)/ThebasicarchitectureofaSDSSleaningontheelementsthat13exposedonthedefinitionofthesesystems/wasshownby15inFigure2/Someofthedesignproblemswereexposedby2/ThefirstDSSpresentedsuchproblemsandshowedhowtheadvancesininformationtechnologieshaveinfluencedthecre
32、ationofmoreflexibledesignsfasterandmoreresponsivesystems/Theexaminationsprovidedby22/6/and19/indicatestheimportanceoftheobjectorientationparadigm/achievingbenefitsinthedesignofSDSS/andmakingthemmoreinteractivesystems(Figure3)/Figure2/SDSSArchitecturesuggestedby15/AnintegratedfocusforDSSinrelatedarea
33、swithconservationandnaturalresourcemanagementwassuggestedby10(Figure4)/As25recognized/thisapproachcanonlybefeasibleforsophisticatedsoftwarekeepinginmindtheinclusionofaspectsandfunctionalityforparticipatorydecisionmaking/Specialistslike14addednewelements/whichallowtocorrectthedeficienciesofthepreviou
34、soneastomeettheneedsofthedifferentusers/whichimpactonthedecisionmaking(Figure5)/Nevertheless/thisapproachdoesnotincludefeedbackmechanisms/whichaffectsnegativelyintheparticipatoryprocess/Ingeneral/DSSframeworksarebasedonsophisticatedcomputersoftwarebutwehaveconsideredthatitisveryimportantforthedevelo
35、pmentofAGDSSPtoincorporateascomponentsparticipatorydecisionmakingtoolsandmodelsandGIS/Thus/multi-objectiveoptimizationtoolsandmulti-criteriagroupdecisionmakinghavebeenconsideredasimportantcomponentsinAGDSSPtoguaranteethesearchingforthebestsolutionsandfeedbackmechanisms/Figure3/Object-orientedDSSarchitecturesuggestedby2/Figure4/Integratedschemaproposedby10/Asitwasmentionedbefore/SDSSneedGISelementsfortheirimplementation/CurrentdevelopmentsinGIStoolshaveportedthetechnologytotheinternet/inwhathascometobeknownasWebGIS/whichallowfordistributedGISfunctionalityinboth/Internetandintranets
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